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Reference entry · 1939 · Bellevue Hospital, New York2 cited sources

Wechsler-Bellevue: the day IQ stopped being a ratio.

David Wechsler's 1939 scale drew its subtests from mental tests developed between 1880 and World War I and introduced innovations whose structure stayed almost unchanged through later revisions.1 It is usually credited with replacing the ratio IQ with a deviation IQ — not yet verified against a source on this page.

AT A GLANCE
AuthorDavid Wechsler 2
Published1939, with The Measurement of Adult Intelligence (Williams & Wilkins) 2
Subtest rootsTests developed 1880 to World War I 1
Later revisionsStructure almost unchanged 1
Unverified hereBellevue dates, sample, deviation-IQ details, Form II date
2 · STRUCTURE

Eleven subtests: six Verbal, five Performance

Unverified. The Verbal / Performance split below follows standard accounts but has not yet been checked against a source on this page.

Verbal Scale6 subtests
Information
Comprehension
Arithmetic
Similarities
Digit Span
Vocabulary
Performance Scale5 subtests
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit Symbol

Subtest list shown for orientation only; check Wechsler (1939) before quoting it.

3 · WHERE THE SUBTESTS CAME FROM

Assembled from forty years of earlier tests

Corwin Boake traces the Wechsler-Bellevue subtests to tests developed between 1880 and World War I, drawing on anthropometrics, association psychology, the Binet–Simon scales, language-free performance testing of immigrants and schoolchildren, and group testing of military recruits. Wechsler's subtest selection can be understood partly from his clinical experiences during World War I.1

Anthropometrics & association psychologyTwo of the late-19th-century approaches behind the subtests.1
Binet–Simon scalesThe individual age-scale tradition.1
Performance tests of immigrants and schoolchildrenLanguage-free performance testing.1
Group testing of military recruitsWWI army testing, which Wechsler experienced clinically.1
5 · SEE THE PROBLEM IT SOLVED

Same person, two formulas

Age30 yrs
Standing among same-age peersaverage
Teaching model: "mental age" grows with age until about 16, then levels off. That plateau is why a ratio IQ drifts down for adults. Not Wechsler's norms.
RATIO IQ53MA 16 ÷ CA 30 × 100
DEVIATION IQ100100 + 15 × 0
At 30, the ratio says 53 while the person is exactly average. That 47-point gap is the artifact Wechsler removed.
7 · REFERENCES

Sources cited on this page

  1. [1]Boake, C. (2002). From the Binet–Simon to the Wechsler–Bellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(3), 383–405.doi:10.1076/jcen.24.3.383.981
  2. [2]Clinical comparison study (1942), reference list citing Wechsler, D. (1939), The Measurement of Adult Intelligence, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Springer.link.springer.com

Primary source: Wechsler, D. (1939). The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.2

HOW TO CITE THIS PAGE
What's Your IQ. (2026). Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (1939). In Historical IQ Tests Archive. Retrieved September 29, 2026, from /en/historical-iq-tests/wechsler-bellevue-1939
EDITORIAL RECORD
First published2026
Last reviewed29 September 2026
Sources2 verified; other claims removed pending checks
StatusPartial — sections on motivation, scoring and later editions withdrawn until sourced
Canonical URLwhats-your-iq.com/en/historical-iq-tests/wechsler-bellevue-1939
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