Introduction to Honorific and Humble Forms
In Japanese, politeness and respect are expressed through keigo (敬語), which broadly divides into three categories: honorific (尊敬語), humble (謙譲語), and polite (丁寧語). This lesson focuses on the humble form, which speakers use to lower themselves or their in-group when talking about their own actions in relation to others. It is commonly used in business settings or formal situations to show respect to the listener or a third party.
Humble language modifies verbs and expressions to emphasize humility rather than elevating the subject. Understanding these forms is essential for polite and respectful communication in Japanese.
Common Humble Verb Forms
Humble verbs often have special forms that replace the standard verb. Some verbs have unique humble counterparts, while others use a regular pattern involving the prefix お or ご and a verb like する. Here are some common humble verbs:
| Plain Verb | Humble Form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 行く (iku) | 参る (まいる) | to go |
| 来る (kuru) | 参る (まいる) | to come |
| する (suru) | いたす | to do |
| 言う (iu) | 申す (もうす) | to say |
| 食べる (taberu) | いただく | to eat / receive |
Construction of Humble Verbs
For many verbs that do not have unique humble forms, the humble expression is constructed by attaching the prefix お (for native Japanese words) or ご (for Sino-Japanese words) to the verb stem, followed by the verb する in its humble form いたす. This construction expresses humility about your own actions.
For example:
お手伝いいたします。
O-tetsudai itashimasu.
I humbly offer my help.
This method is very common for polite and humble requests or offers.
Difference Between Honorific and Humble
It is important to distinguish between honorific and humble forms. Honorific language raises the status of the person you are talking about (usually the listener or a third party), while humble language lowers the status of the speaker or the speaker's in-group.
For example, with the verb 行く (to go):
先生は学校にいらっしゃいます。
Sensei wa gakkō ni irasshaimasu.
The teacher goes to school. (Honorific)
私は学校に参ります。
Watashi wa gakkō ni mairimasu.
I humbly go to school. (Humble)
Understanding who is being elevated or lowered will help you use keigo correctly.
Polite Humble Phrases
There are several set phrases using humble language that frequently appear in formal settings. Here are some common ones:
申し訳ございません。
Mōshiwake gozaimasen.
I am very sorry. (Humble apology)
拝見いたします。
Haiken itashimasu.
I humbly look at (see) it.
ただいま参ります。
Tadaima mairimasu.
I am coming right now. (Humble)
Conjugation Table of Humble Verbs
Humble verbs conjugate like regular verbs but often have irregular stems. Here is an example with some common humble verbs in the polite (ます) form:
| Verb | Polite Present | Polite Past |
|---|---|---|
| 参る (まいる) | まいります | まいりました |
| 申す (もうす) | もうします | もうしました |
| いたす | いたします | いたしました |
| いただく | いただきます | いただきました |
Practice Examples
Try using humble forms in the following sentences. Notice how the speaker humbles themselves or their group.
私が書類を拝見いたします。
Watashi ga shorui o haiken itashimasu.
I will humbly look over the documents.
ただいま部長が参ります。
Tadaima buchō ga mairimasu.
The manager will humbly come shortly.
この件については私がご説明いたします。
Kono ken ni tsuite wa watashi ga go-setsumei itashimasu.
I will humbly explain about this matter.
Tips for Remembering Rules
- Remember that humble forms are used to lower yourself or your in-group, not to elevate others.
- Many humble verbs are irregular and should be memorized individually.
- Use the prefix お or ご + verb stem + する (in humble form いたす) for verbs without special humble forms.
- Practice distinguishing when to use honorific versus humble by identifying the subject’s social position relative to the speaker and listener.
- Listening to formal speech, especially in business contexts, helps internalize the common humble expressions and patterns.